What is Air Cargo and How Does It Work?

In today's trade, speed is one of the most powerful weapons of competitive advantage. With millions of tons of goods crossing borders globally every day, air cargo is often the way for companies to reach their customers as quickly as possible. Air cargo, connecting continents in just hours, offers the advantages of fast delivery, security, and traceability. This transportation model, which plays a critical role in many industries from pharmaceuticals and electronics to automotive and textiles, has become an indispensable element of modern logistics.

What is Air Cargo?

Air cargo plays a critical role in international trade as one of the fastest and most reliable transportation methods in modern logistics. According to IATA (International Air Transport Association) data, although air cargo carries only 1% of global trade volume by tonnage, it accounts for approximately 35% of global trade in terms of value. This clearly demonstrates the strategic importance of air cargo.

The air cargo model encompasses both the cargo compartments of passenger aircraft and dedicated cargo aircraft dedicated entirely to freight transport. This allows for the rapid intercontinental transport of both urgent shipments and high-volume loads. Air cargo offers an indispensable solution, particularly in time-sensitive sectors such as pharmaceuticals, electronics, automotive spare parts, and perishable food products.

In this respect, air transportation is positioned as an integral part of a broad logistics ecosystem. When managed correctly, it provides businesses with significant advantages in terms of trade security, operational efficiency, and customer satisfaction, in addition to rapid delivery.

How Does Air Cargo Work?

The air cargo process consists of many steps, from booking to loading. Proper planning of each step ensures the safe and timely delivery of shipments.

Reservation and Transportation Types (General, Express, Consolidated)

The first step is the reservation process. The shipper selects the transportation model based on the type and urgency of the shipment. General cargo is preferred for standard shipments, while express cargo meets the need for faster delivery. Consolidated cargo offers cost advantages by combining different shipments into a single shipment. These options offer companies flexibility in terms of both time and cost.

During the reservation phase, items such as shipment details, customs documentation, and transportation insurance are also determined. Failure to plan correctly can lead to delays or additional costs during the loading phase. Therefore, seeking professional support contributes to a smooth process.

Airport Acceptance, Security Screening, and Loading Steps

When the shipment arrives at the airport, the acceptance process begins. Depending on the type of cargo, specific documents are checked and their compliance with international standards is verified. Security screening then follows. The cargo is examined for prohibited or hazardous materials using X-ray equipment and, if necessary, manual checks.

After the inspection phase, the cargo is placed in special containers or pallets suitable for aircraft transportation. During the loading process, weight balance is carefully calculated to ensure flight safety. Once these steps are completed, the cargo is ready to be transported safely by air to its destination.

Advantages and Disadvantages

While air cargo offers significant advantages to businesses in terms of speed and security, it also has some limitations.

Advantages of Air Cargo

• Fast Delivery Possibility
  Shipments that might take weeks by sea or road can be completed in mere hours with air cargo. This is a significant advantage, especially for time-sensitive industries like pharmaceuticals, medical devices, electronics, and automotive spare parts.
  
  
• Security for Perishable and High-Value Items
  Air cargo offers a reliable solution for transporting perishable goods like fresh food, flowers, medicine, and high-value electronics and jewelry. Fast delivery minimizes risks.
  
  
• Less Risk of Damage
  Fewer product transfers and shorter storage periods reduce the likelihood of damage, which both reduces cost losses and increases customer satisfaction.

Disadvantages of Air Cargo

• High Cost
  Hava kargo, diğer taşıma yöntemlerine kıyasla daha yüksek maliyetlidir. Bu nedenle düşük değerli veya düşük kâr marjlı ürünlerde tercih edilmesi işletmeler için ekonomik olmayabilir.
  
  
• Capacity Limitations
  Aircraft have limited carrying capacity. Sea or road transportation offers more suitable solutions, especially for transporting bulky and heavy loads.
  
  
• Weather Delays
  Flights may be cancelled or delayed due to adverse weather conditions. This may occasionally cause delays in deliveries.
  
  
• The Need for Alternatives
  Air cargo isn't suitable for every product type. Companies should consider product features and delivery priorities when making their air cargo selection.

Hazardous Materials and Restricted Loads

Air transportation is one of the most stringent modes of transportation due to its priority of safety. Special permits and packaging in accordance with international standards are required for the transportation of cargo considered hazardous. This includes flammable and explosive materials, chemicals, and radioactive products. The safe transportation of such cargo requires adherence to strict regulations set by the International Air Transport Association (IATA). Misdeclaration or improper packaging can result in the shipment being rejected and serious penalties.

There are also cargo groups that are completely prohibited from being transported by air cargo. High-pressure gas cylinders, some biological materials, and excessively bulky and heavy cargo are not considered air transportation. Live animal transportation can only be carried out within established procedures, with special cages and safety standards. Therefore, it is critical for companies to review current regulations and seek expert support regarding risky cargo during shipment preparation. Otherwise, the transportation of goods may be blocked, resulting in significant losses in the logistics process.